World Religion Report Hinduism Essay Example

World Religion Report Hinduism Essay Example World Religion Report Hinduism Paper World Religion Report Hinduism Paper Hinduism; organized religion or compilation of smaller belief systems? Some would argue that Hinduism is a combination of both of those terms and much more. What encompasses the Hindu religion? Why do people of today, even in modern America still practice a faith that some may even consider paganism? In comparison to the dominant monotheistic religion of Christianity, where does the Hindu religion rank? Although Hinduism is not the world’s leading religion, there are still large numbers of followers today. Hinduism is ranked as the number four world religion with approximately 900 million followers (Adherents. om, 2007). According to the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance (2006), â€Å"Hinduism is generally regarded as the worlds oldest organized religion†. Hinduism does not have a particular founder, no Hindu orthodoxy, dogma, or even a distinct system of morality. Hinduism is actually a set of beliefs and practices that have developed gradually over time. Hin duism the beginning The traditional theory as to the genesis of Hinduism traces the root of the religion to the Indus Valley. The development of Hinduism has been influenced by numerous invasions over the years. The greatest influence is said to have been the nomadic Aryan indo European tribes invaded North India approximately 1500BCE (Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance, 2006). According to the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance (2006), â€Å"These beliefs mingled with the more advanced, indigenous Indian native beliefs, often called the Indus valley culture†. Never the less numerous archeologist and religious historians now reject this theory, because the origin of the theory was based on the prior belief about the age of the earth and the biblical story of Noah’s Ark (Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance, 2006). It is believed that the book of Genesis places the creation of earth at 4,000BCE and the Noah’s flood at 2,500 BCE, which contradicts the date of the Aryan invasion (Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance, 2006). Despite the original and emerging theories as to the origin of the Hindu religion, Hinduism has developed into a religion of its own rites. Hinduism, monotheistic, polytheistic, or something else? Hinduism or Sanatana Dharma is a henotheistic religion; it can also be viewed as polytheistic and monotheistic. It all depends on one’s view and perspective about how the Hindus worship their god. Hinduism recognizes a single deity and views other deities as a manifestation of that supreme god. This is a part of the central theme or fundamental of Hinduism belief in the Absolute, Supreme Reality, called Brahman and its identification with Aatman (individual soul). It is said that Brahman, which is formless, infinite, and impersonal in nature, can manifest in many forms, thus the worship of many gods/goddesses, some are even human. For the sake of making the worship more personal, the gods/goddesses had been personified and given different attributes. However, of all the deities that are worshipped by Hindu’s, the most worshipped are Shiva, Vishnu and Shakthi (Fisher, 2005). Hinduism is sometimes believed as the Trinitarian because Brahman is often seem as a triad- one god with three persons (Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance, 2007). The Trinitarian includes Brahman who is the creator; Vishnu is the preserver or the one who sustains, and Shiva the destroyer who can also be seen as compassionate. Hindu belief about life and death Hindus believe that all creatures go through the cycle of birth and rebirth called reincarnation. The principle of karma, which means action, and the consequences of action, follow from lifetime to lifetime, determines the status of each being’s birth. To escape from the cycle of birth, death, or rebirth (samsara) lead by karma is to achieve moksha. According to Fisher (2005), â€Å"To escape from samsara is to achieve moksha, or liberation from the limitations of space, time, and matter through realization of the immortal Absolute. Many lifetimes of upward-striving incarnations are required to reach this transcendence of earthly miseries† (p. 75). Hindu sacred and religious text There are many scripts and text in the Hindu religion; among the most sacred are the Vedas and Upanishad, which is often referred to as the foundation of the Sanatana Dharma. In Hindu Philosophy, there are six orthodox schools. They are Nyaya, Vaishseshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa, Vedanta (Fisher, 2005). Hindu ethics and religious practices Hindus organize their lives around the Four Aims of Hinduism often referred to as the â€Å"doctrine of the fourfold end of life† (Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance, 2006). The first is dharma, which is righteousness in their religious life. The second is Artha, which means success in their economic life. The third is Kama, which is the gratification of the senses to include sexual, sensual, and pleasure. The fourth is Moksha, which is the liberation from samsara and the ultimate goal for humanity (Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance, 2006). Hindus practice yoga, which is a part of meditation. Included in their daily lives is the practice of puja, which is the ceremonial act of showing reverence to a god or goddess through prayer, devotion, rituals (Padmini Light, 2007). Hinduism versus Christianity Christianity is the World’s leading religion with 2. 1 billion followers (Adherents. com, 2007). With so many followers, one would think that there is very little in common with the Hindu religion. However, there are similarities along with many differences. Hinduism has no specific founder, nor is it based on the life or teachings of anyone (Fisher, 2005). Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ (Fisher, 2005). According to All About Religion. org (2002-2007), â€Å"Hinduism is not exclusive and accepts all religions as valid. Christianity, however, teaches that Christ is the only way to God†. Christianity has an uncompromising view towards other religions when it comes to the infallibility of the bible and Jesus Christ. According to Hindu belief, the path to god are many and in whatever way we worship him, he will respond sincerely (Jayaram, 2000-2006). The Hindu religion advocates many forms of worship. In Christianity, any form of worship that is not approved by the bible is an anathema to Christianity In Christianity, the main source of principles and morals is the bible. In Hinduism, there are many to include the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Agamas, and the Bhagavad-Gita (Jayaram, 2000-2006). Hindus organize their lives around the Four Aims of Hinduism and Christians organize their lives around the Ten Commandments. However, though different, both the Four Aims and Ten Commandments serve as a moral guide on how to live life. Hinduism and Christianity have played significant roles, one in the Eastern world and one in the Western world. Hinduism has played a significant role in East in the emergence of other religions to include Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism (Jayaram, 2000-2006). Christianity has played a significant role in the West, helping to shape Judaism and Islam. Both religions view their God in the form of a trinity. Christians believe in the Holy Trinity, which is God the father, the son and the Holy Spirit, three â€Å"persons† within the one divine being. Hindus believe in the Trinitarian, which is Brahman the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer. Christians and Hindus have very different beliefs about life and death. Hindus believe one can have many lives, and they believe in the cycle of birth and rebirth. The only way to escape from the cycle of birth, death, or rebirth is to obtain moksha. Christians do not believe in reincarnation. Christians are taught that individuals have only one life on earth and after death, an everlasting life waits in either heaven or hell depending on how one lived one’s life. Conclusion Hinduism has been viewed as the world’s oldest religion; however, it continues to evolve. For a religion that has existed so long, its sustainability is remarkable even by today’s standards. Even in a small town of Mount Holly, New Jersey, there are still devoted followers of this old religion. This brings up the poignant reminder that religion is like a tree. From a small seed many branches are formed. However, the root remains the same. So, what is the root of religion? The root of religion is hope, and it is the collected beliefs in a higher being who addresses the human need to seek divine guidance. References Adherents. com (2007, April 19). Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number. Retrieved July 18, 2007, from adherents. com/Religions_BY_Adherents. html All About Religion. org (2002-2007). Comparison Christianity and Hinduism. Retrieved July 24, 2007, from allaboutreligion. org/comparison-christianity-and-hinduism-faq. htm Fisher, M. P. 2005). Living religions (6th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Jayaram, V. (2000-2006). Hinduism and Christianity. Retrieved July 26, 2007, from http://hinduwebsite. com/hinduism/h_christianity. asp Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance (2006, November 21). Hinduism. Retrieved July 23, 2007, from religioustolerance. org/hinduism. htm Padmini Light (2007). What is Puja. Retrieved July 26, 2007, from padminilight. com/puja/wha t_ispuja. htm Thakur, R. (2007). Aarti. Retrieved July 24, 2007, from htt://www. dalsabzi. com/Mantras/jagdeesh_aarti. htm

A Study on the Cultural Connotation of Chinese Dishes and Their Translation

China is renowned for its unique dishes. Nowadays tasting Chinese dishes has become an important element for foreigners to know better about China. Although a lot of restaurants have their English versions of menus today, those translations are not so satisfying. It occurs too often that many foreigners feel confused while they are looking through the menus. Why is it so difficult to translate Chinese dishes into English and how is it translated into sound English versions to fit the fine Chinese dishes? To find the answers is the main purpose of this paper which focuses on the cultural connotation of Chinese dishes and their translation. In our study of translating Chinese dishes, we should first know well about what the criteria for translation are. In Guo Junxia’s ( ) article, I get the information as the following: the three characters, faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance formulated by Yan Fu in his Introductory Remarks are thought of and supported as the one and only maxim all translators must absorb (qtd. In Guo Junxia,258). So when we translate Chinese dishes into English, we should take these three criteria into consideration. When I search for the materials on this study, I find that many people have been engaged in this study and have brought forward many strategies on it. Literal translation is a strategy frequently used in translating Chinese dish names. When the target reader understands the information in the source text easily and clearly, the dish names maybe translated literally. However, the Chinese strive for elegance when they name the dishes, so a word-for-word translation may lead to misunderstanding, puzzlement or even embarrassment. The best way to avoid invalid translation is to paraphrase (namely, free translation) it. Transliteration is involved in the strategies as well, making the local characteristic of the dish and its connection with a certain person more prominent( ). Many experts have referred to the strategies of translating Chinese dishes like above, and some gave more details or other different opinions. In Feng Qinghua ( ) and Mu Lei’s ( ) book, they gave details on how to translate Chinese dishes by using the strategies of literal translation and free translation. 1. Literal translation: cooking method(s)+ major ingredient(s) 2. Literal translation + explanations 3. Free translation: 1. Major ingredient(s)+ with+ sauce 2. Sauce+ major ingredient(s) 4. Transliteration+ explanation(s) They also said sometimes we can translate Chinese dishes by using the names with which Westerners are very familiar, making the translation more real and understandable (241). Although their strategies are very detailed, the examples they gave may make us frustrated. In their book, one dish is taken for example to explain one strategy, but then the same dish will be also mentioned in another strategy. Lu Hongmei ( has put forward a similar opinion, but she added one point: how to translate the pharmaceutical dishes. When translate this kind of dishes, the translators should translate both the ingredients and cooking methods, as well as the explanations on its functions (128). Sometimes when the translators translate the Chinese dishes by using literal translation, the beauty of original version will get lost. What should we do to deal with this problem? As Li Zubing’s ( ) has states in his essay, when translate Chinese dishes, translators should integrate the â€Å"format† with â€Å"meaning† very well, but it is not always that easy. Nevertheless, the translator should always gain an idea that the content is invariably superior to the format. To translate the principal ingredients, subsidiary or auxiliary ingredients, ways of cutting and ways of cooking always rank as the priority in the list, just as Westerns do, letting the dinning people know what taste these dishes are (65). I prefer his idea because I believe that until others understand what the meaning you convey is, then it is possible that they can get the further information behind the words. In Zhu Chunlin’s ( essay, he has explained the strategies from another standpoint. He said there are two strategies of translating Chinese dishes, namely, the first one is perfect translation, and the other one is adequate translation. The perfect translation means the translated version is only to convey the original information, regardless of the story or history hidden behind it. When translate Chinese dishes, the translator only needs to translate the pr incipal ingredients, subsidiary or auxiliary ingredients, ways of cutting, and ways of cooking, etc. By contrast, the adequate translation, as Li Zubing explained, requires the translator to yield up the format, but instead, to keep the content (187). As to the Chinese dishes with cultural connotation, which are connected with history, legend, fairy tales, and so on, many scholars have presented different opinions on the strategies of translation. Yang Qunyan ( ) has explained that if the Chinese dished are translated literally or paraphrased, the cultural connotations embedded in them will be lost. So the translator should provide some background information as well (66). Although it is reasonable to give more information to better understand the dishes, the room of the menu does not permit to admit too many words. When we are in this kind of dilemma, we should add the background information selectively according to different dishes. Just as Xie Xianze ( ), Pan Yanqiang ( ), and Du Li (? ?)have stated in their essay, the primary thing of translating Chinese dishes is the conciseness. When translate the Chinese dishes with cultural connotation, the translator needs to provide some explanations on them. However, different explanations should be given according to their different names, and the co-authors have classified them into two categories. For the dishes of requiring little explanations, the translator should only translate the principal ingredients, subsidiary or auxiliary ingredients, ways of cutting, and ways of cooking, etc, and then add their pinyin and literal meaning in parenthesis. As for the dishes requiring more explanations, the stories of the dishes should be added after the names, or, the waiters can explain to the dinning persons when they are looking through the menu (72). Zheng Jinhuai ( )has given more details on the strategies of translating Chinese dishes. He offered his analysis on the characteristics of naming Chinese dishes with cultural connotation, and gave three main strategies to translate them, and the translator can use them accordingly. Firstly, when the dishes involve the historical persons, stories, legend, etc, the literal translation can be used and further explanations should be added. Then, when the dishes involve the places, the translator had better choose the strategy of literal translation. Lastly, when the dishes relate to figures, shape, color, culinary jargon, best wishes and expectations, and imagination, etc, the free translation is the best choice (90). My essay will put forward to my strategies after analyzing the characteristics of naming Chinese dishes. Additionally, we should take account of the cultural differences. As Li Yuqing ( ) said in her essay, the translated versions can sometime arises a cross-language and cross-cultural problem. We should take into consideration whether the translations ate culturally acceptable to foreigner or not. After all, it is suggested that we should follow the principles of stability and consistency in cuisine naming and its translation, trying our best to translate the refined and graceful cuisine names in the foreign language by keeping their original cultural connotation (98). For this paper, many strategies will be put forward, including the literal translation and free translation; especially the Chinese dishes with cultural connotation. This paper will pick up many typical Chinese dishes to exam the strategies from various aspects. Where can I get the English versions of Chinese dishes?

Argumentative paper on depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Argumentative paper on depression - Essay Example These feelings may be directed towards people or things they once enjoyed or liked. Now the real question comes up; how can depression be treated? Currently, many experts question how precisely can depression be treated, and they have come up with many different ideologies and theories. The most commonly used kinds of treatment of depression are psychotherapy, administration of anti-depressants and hospitalization. Depression comes in many forms and shapes hence implying different modes of treatment according to the shape and form of the disorder. The different types of depressions have distinctive symptoms, causes, and effects. Being aware of what type of depression is affecting a patient can help to manage these symptoms and get the most effectual treatment. Moods or emotions of the patient change with the environment and experience, sometimes reflecting happiness and in other times reflecting sadness. In emotionally healthy people, moods are controllable, but people with mental depression get controlled by the mood itself in both thoughts and body. Mental depression involves mood disarray characterized by specific symptoms that characteristically occur due to chemical variations in normal brain operation. The most common and enthusiastically identifiable symptom of a depressed individual is sadness, melancholy, or desolation; however, an individual with clinical depression encounter more th an transitory sadness. Oftentimes it is logic of exhaustion or short of any energy at all that indicates the inception of mental depression (Roy 3). Other common symptoms comprise persisting sadness, emptiness or anxiety that may be convoyed by thoughts of victimization, hopelessness, worthlessness and/or helplessness. The person might lose concern in activities that were once traditional or complain of insufficient energy or inability to focus. Physical symptoms that do not resolve despite treatment, feelings and ideations of death or suicide,

The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy Essay

The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy - Essay Example Arthur dent, the main character of this book has one lucky instance happening to him on a bad day. As he wakes up in the morning with a drunken hangover, Arthur finds a bulldozer outside preparing to demolish his house for making a new by-pass. While he thinks this day to be his worst, his alien friend Ford Prefect comes with the news that earth is being demolished by a Vogon construction fleet that is orbiting the earth to construct a new galactic bypass in the space. Arthur is lucky, as he along with Ford hitchhikes a lift aboard a Vogon spaceship. However, the good luck ends there as they find themselves in torturous condition, while they are finally thrown out into the open space debris. They are not perishing, as a spaceship piloted by the galaxy president Zaphod Beeblebrox along with his co-pilot Trillion spots them and picks them up into their ship. All the four along with a mentally unstable robot Marvin are now on a long search to find the lost planet, Magrathea. The meaningful chapter of the book stats next, when Arthur comes to know, in Magrathea, that the planet Earth had a purpose, to solve the riddle of life and universe. Accordingly, Earth served as a gigantic super computer, meant to find answers to these questions. As per the set calculations, the life of Earth was ten million years. However, the vogon construction fleet destroyed it 5 minutes before this. Since Arthur has survived as the only earthling, he gets a proposal to being a part of project to be named as â€Å"Earth Mark-II†. Arthur is not keen to join this research, as it requires the extraction of his brain. The question remains, as the novel has posed, about the existence of life and universe. Looking at the different adaptations of Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, the question does not get the serious attention that it deserves. Instead, the audience seems to laugh it away, taking the sudden destruction of Earth as a dream only. However, Author’s

Drug Dealer :: essays papers

Drug Dealer Street Pharmaceutical Distributor â€Å"Yes I’ve known of police officers who sell drugs,† Cain says in response to the question. â€Å"They are worst than I am because they are supposed to uphold the law!† There are many types of drug dealers, from the behind the scenes Caucasian white collar and government criminals, to the overexposed black street corner thug. The early twenties, corn-roll braided male, that I will call Cain, was at ease as we sat in his newly purchased home. Besides what most people think, the majority of drug dealers do work. Lower scale drug dealers that is. Cain explained that selling drugs is not something he wanted to do, but a lack of necessities and opportunity led him to that path. â€Å"Television influence and poor guidance â€Å" didn’t help either he added. â€Å"Do you know of career drug dealers and do you plan on becoming one?†; he nodded and said yes to both questions. After confirming that he knows no one that has been dealing for at least five years and have never been incarcerated, I asked does he feel he will be an exception. â€Å"No, but I don’t care about the future, just now.† I normally would have felt this was ludicrous, but understanding the mind set of a mentally dead individual, I comprehended it all to well. Cain admitted that he feels remorse for the destruction that drugs cause, but that he also feels his drug dealing is necessary for now. â€Å"Do you have to deal violently or aggressively with individuals often?† I asked. â€Å"Sometimes, but after respect for you is established, it’s usually not necessary,† he responded. He explained that he knew of at least seven people who had lost their lives because of a drug related incident, but even more that were incarcerated. â€Å"Does the United States government play a role in drug distribution?† â€Å"Certainly! I may have purchased drugs from government officials, you never know who your actually dealing with, but I know of dealers who purchase their drugs from the Feds.† â€Å"Who do you consider the major drug dealers to be?† â€Å"The U.S. government, and the C.I.A.† We discussed briefly the recent discovery of the C.I.A. dealing drug in South Central L.A., and then using the money to fund the CONTRA war.

Business Studies Case Study on a Music Industry (With Diagrams) Essay

Benny, a class 9 boy who excelled in the art of singing wanted to make use of his rare talent and raise money for his future education. He set up a small time business with 2 of his friends to raise money, as he was very poor. One of his friends Sam decided to handle accounts as he was skilled at Maths and had a good understanding of what price to set. Another of his friends Josh was in charge of building personal relations with some consumers to enhance sales as he had excellent persuasions and people skills. All three of them thought about different marketing strategies. They conducted research and found: * This was a gap in the market as there are few talented child singers going public * Most of the people in their class were willing to buy the CD at a reasonable price, his juniors and seniors were also willing to buy, * There would be an excitement about the album only for he first few weeks as the three of them had built considerable hype for the launch of the event, * Knowing Benny personally helped as people knew that they could associate and comment on his album, selling the album anywhere else would not earn enough. * They would need to add a lot more value to the album like adding a live video of Benny singing and dancing and a virtually DJ mixed song. They calculated the cost of making one CD: * They had to pay a monthly rent of Rs 10,000 for the recording studio for one month but due to lack of funds the owner of studio allowed them to pay 50% after 4 months * Printing the cover page of the CD- 5 Rupees * Cost of empty CD – 15 Rupees * Cover of the CD – 10 Rupees * Other – Rs. 5000 per month They did not think that they could do all the work themselves and hence employed 20 members of their class and promised to pay them 100 Rupees if they managed to sell 20 CD’s each per month. They worked under the sales department. The album was launched in January and Sam decided to sell each CD for a cost of 99 Rupees. The first month the 3 of them sold only in their school and to their close friends and were able to sell 500 CD’s in cash while another 250 were sold in credit. The next month the 3 of them decide to go outside school after taking customer feedback through questionnaires, interviews and observations and improving the mistakes they made in the album. Then they decided to market the CD throughout Mumbai and were promoted and sponsored by Planet M, as Planet M is a well known music shop; which charged 10000 per month for advertising. Every week on a Saturday, which is statistically Planet M’s day with the most footfalls, a special promotion took place where Benny sang live in the store. Planet M also advertised this in the Rolling Stones Magazine and newspaper. Benny became an instant hit and at the end of the year they sold 1000 CD’s per month in cash and 500 CD’s in credit that was to be paid by the next month. Now Benny and his friends have decided to sell the rights of the album to Tips Industry limited for 500,000 so that they could sell whole over India. They took this step as there board exams were approaching but as per the contract Benny has to perform about 1 stage show per month all over India and gets 10,000 Rupees for doing so.

Students and Plagiarism - 587 Words

It is often difficult for todays students to avoid plagiarism. In some cases, plagiarism is unintentional because students were never taught proper methods for researching and writing papers. In other cases, students feel so pressured balancing coursework with the demands of a job or family perhaps both that they resort to plagiarism in order to complete their assignments. Some students excuse plagiarism with the claim that everyone does it, and it is a matter of keeping up with peers. None of these scenarios makes plagiarism acceptable, but it does make it easier to understand why it occurs. Hamilton (2003) noted there are honest students whose plagiarism is unintentional because they do not fully understand how to summarize, paraphrase, and make correct bibliographic citations. Students may truly believe that substituting synonyms (e.g., happy for glad) makes the words their own. Many students do not realize that structure and ideas, not just words, can be copied. As technology adv ances, the temptation to cheat becomes over powering. The Internet has become a speedier and easier way to gain knowledge. Visiting the library has been replaced by a simple visit to a computer (Read, 2004). Unfortunately, many students try to use the Internet as opposed to the subscription-based databases (such as Academic Search Premier) that all academic libraries make available to students. Students may not feel comfortable using these databases and unless there is instruction,Show MoreRelatedPlagiarism And The Teacher And Student1743 Words   |  7 Pages What is plagiarism? There is no one definition that all teachers believe in. During this paper, I will explore some of the possible answers to this question. Once the teacher has the definition that is used by their school and what they believe it means there is a process that needs to be completed in order to have the students to not commit this error in their judgment. There are many steps that can be taken between the teacher and student so that they all know what needs to be done. BeforeRead MorePlagiarism And Its Effect On Students1742 Words   |  7 PagesWithout regard to the needs of basic writing students; Generally speaking, special privileges under no circumstances should be permitted in such a professional setting. Everyone should be treated equally despite the fact of what English class they re in. I feel as though the idea of having the policy rules being altered should be disregarded. Because to me even though an individual is uninformed on how plagiarism works. That does not necessarily mean that they re incapable of managing to learnRead MorePlagiarism And Its Effects On Students862 Words   |  4 Pagesoptions for many students to return to school. Online education also opened up the doors for new ways of cheating. Plagiarism is defined as theft of ideas or work from others (Council of Writing Program Administrators, 2003). 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Metaphorically speaking, if a deadly virus is left untreated, an epidemic will begin and eventually will deplete a population. Plagiarism acts as a fastidious, pathogenic, virus infecting others with a mentality of mediocrity andRead MoreAcademic Integrity And Student Plagiarism1622 Words   |  7 Pagesessay concerns the issues of academic integrity as plagiarism and buying essays. This work addresses, much attention will be paid to the background of breaches of academic integrity. Students’ behavior will be described and thoroughly analyzed. This essay will provide an understanding that current educational system itself creates prerequisites for such violations. Nowadays, American students try to subvert the educational system by using plagiarism in essays. The educational system tries to withstandRead MoreEssay about Plagiarism: Students Are Not To Blame932 Words   |  4 Pages Is plagiarism really occurring on college campuses? Should it be considered a serious offense? 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